Rochester campus

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Rochester Campus

Health Sciences B.S.

UM Rochester
UMR Chancellor's Office
  • Program Type: Baccalaureate
  • Requirements for this program are current for Spring 2016
  • Required credits to graduate with this degree: 120
  • Required credits within the major: 80 to 93
  • Degree: Bachelor of Science
Rochester students majoring in the health sciences will receive an integrated education across the life/health sciences, the physical sciences, the quantitative sciences, the social sciences, and the arts and humanities. Students must complete at least 120 credits, including at least 80 credits in the major. All courses in the major must be taken A-F, unless the course is only offered S-N. The Health Sciences B.S. program prepares students for post baccalaureate education in a broad spectrum of health science related fields and for graduate programs in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities; health profession careers, including certificate programs in the health sciences; professional schools in the health sciences; and entry-level science and laboratory positions in industry, government agencies, and universities.
Program Delivery
This program is available:
  • via classroom (the majority of instruction is face-to-face)
Admission Requirements
A GPA above 2.0 is preferred for the following:
  • 2.50 transferring from outside the University
For information about University of Minnesota admission requirements, visit the Office of Admissions website.
General Requirements
All students are required to complete general University and college requirements including writing and liberal education courses. For more information about University-wide requirements, see the liberal education requirements.
Program Requirements
Students are required to complete 3 semester(s) of Spanish or approved alternate language. with a grade of C-, or better, or S, or demonstrate proficiency in the language(s) as defined by the department or college.
All students are required to complete campus-wide requirements for liberal education and writing. UMR liberal education is integrated into the curriculum throughout the four years and follows the liberal education requirements on the UMTC campus, except that UMR requires all five themes. Writing and communication follows a writing-integrated curriculum and is incorporated throughout the curriculum across all courses. In addition to the requirements below, students are required to create a personalized capstone. As part of the capstone, students write a proposal that requires them to list credit bearing activities, reflect upon their holistic experience, and express how their capstone endeavors align with their personal and professional goals. It may be possible, in some unique cases, for specially approved capstones to fulfill or waive program requirements.
Required Core Courses
BIOL 2311 - Integrative Biology [BIOL, TS] (4.0 cr)
BIOL 2331 - Anatomy and Physiology I [BIOL] (4.0 cr)
CHEM 1231 {Inactive} [PHYS] (4.0 cr)
CHEM 2331 {Inactive} [PHYS] (4.0 cr)
CLI 1711 {Inactive} (1.0 cr)
CLI 1712 - Personal Development and Career Exploration (1.0 cr)
CLI 3522 - Community Collaboratory (3.0 cr)
CLI 2713 - Career Development and Career Skills in the Health Sciences (1.0 cr)
CLI 3712 - Capstone Proposal Writing (2.0 cr)
ENGL 1433 - Introduction to Literature [LITR] (3.0 cr)
MATH 1161 - Introduction to Statistics [MATH] (3.0 cr)
PHIL 1431 {Inactive} [AH] (3.0 cr)
PHYS 1251 - Physics I [PHYS] (4.0 cr)
PUBH 2561 - Introduction to Public Health [GP] (3.0 cr)
SOC 1571 - Introduction to Sociology [SOCS, DSJ] (3.0 cr)
WRIT 1511 {Inactive} (1.0 cr)
WRIT 1512 {Inactive} (2.0 cr)
COMM 2511 - Communication Methods (3.0 cr)
Capstone Reflection
CLI 4713 - Capstone Reflections (1.0 cr)
or Subgroup CR
CLI 4711 {Inactive} (1.0 cr)
CLI 4712 {Inactive} (1.0 cr)
Ethics Core
PHIL 1441 - Introduction to Ethics [CIV, AH] (3.0 cr)
or SOC 1641 {Inactive} [CIV] (3.0 cr)
Required Language Core
SPAN 1521, SPAN 1522, SPAN 2521 can be replaced by proficiency exam or an approved alternative language.
Intro Class
SPAN 1520 {Inactive} (1.0 cr)
or SPAN 1521 - Spanish I (3.0 cr)
SPAN 1522 - Spanish II (3.0 cr)
SPAN 2521 {Inactive} (3.0 cr)
or an approved alternative language
Quantitative Reasoning Core
Take exactly 2 course(s) from the following:
· MATH 1110 {Inactive} [MATH] (3.0 cr)
· MATH 1111 {Inactive} [MATH] (3.0 cr)
· MATH 1171 - Calculus I [MATH] (4.0 cr)
· MATH 2161 - Biostatistics [MATH] (3.0 cr)
· MATH 2171 - Calculus II [MATH] (4.0 cr)
Upper Division
Take 3 or more course(s) from the following:
Science Courses
Take 1 or more course(s) from the following:
· BIOC 3321 - Biochemistry (3.0 cr)
· BIOL 3332 - Anatomy and Physiology II (4.0 cr)
· BIOL 3311 - Genetics [BIOL, TS] (3.0 cr)
· BIOL 3344 - Microbiology [ENV] (4.0 cr)
· BIOL 4312 - Advanced Topics in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics (4.0 cr)
· BIOL 4342 - Neuroscience (3.0 cr)
· BIOL 4364 - Immunology (3.0 cr)
· CHEM 4331 - Chemical Biology (3.0 cr)
· Humanities, Public Health and Social Sciences
Take 1 or more course(s) from the following:
· ENGL 3481 - Society, Science, and Science Fiction [TS] (3.0 cr)
· PHIL 3437 - History and Philosophy of Science [HIS] (3.0 cr)
· PHIL 3441 - Ethics of Medicine and the Sciences [AH, CIV] (3.0 cr)
· PSY 3510 - Human Development across the Lifespan (3.0 cr)
· PSY 3512 - Principles of Abnormal Psychology (3.0 cr)
· PUBH 3531 - Health Policy & Systems [GP, SOCS] (3.0 cr)
· PUBH 3561 - Environmental Health and Environmental Justice [ENV, SOCS] (3.0 cr)
· PUBH 4561 - Introduction to Epidemiology (3.0 cr)
· SOC 3531 {Inactive} [GP, SOCS] (3.0 cr)
· SOC 3571 - Drugs and Society [DSJ, SOCS] (3.0 cr)
· SOC 3581 - Medical Sociology and Technology [SOCS, TS] (3.0 cr)
Electives
Electives may not be used to satisfy other requirements but may be replaced by courses that count towards the capstone experience, including courses in approved health certificate programs or graduate programs. Directed research (CLI 3394) and internships (CLI 3496) can each only be used for a maximum of 3 credits towards the BSHS electives. At least 6 credits from the list below must be at the 3xxx level or higher.
Take 12 or more credit(s) from the following:
· BIOC 3321 - Biochemistry (3.0 cr)
· BIOL 3332 - Anatomy and Physiology II (4.0 cr)
· BIOL 3311 - Genetics [BIOL, TS] (3.0 cr)
· BIOL 3344 - Microbiology [ENV] (4.0 cr)
· BIOL 4312 - Advanced Topics in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics (4.0 cr)
· BIOL 4342 - Neuroscience (3.0 cr)
· BIOL 4364 - Immunology (3.0 cr)
· BIOL 3721 - Special Topics in the Life Sciences (1.0-4.0 cr)
· CHEM 2231 {Inactive} (4.0 cr)
· CHEM 2333 {Inactive} (4.0 cr)
· CHEM 4331 - Chemical Biology (3.0 cr)
· CHEM 3721 - Special Topics in Chemistry (1.0-4.0 cr)
· BIOL 1393 - Directed Study in Biology (1.0-3.0 cr)
· BIOC 3393 - Directed Study or Research in Biochemistry (1.0-6.0 cr)
· CLI 3394 {Inactive} (1.0-6.0 cr)
· CLI 3496 - Internship: Professional Experience (1.0-6.0 cr)
· CLI 3711 {Inactive} (1.0 cr)
· CLI 3950 {Inactive} (3.0 cr)
· CLI 4393 {Inactive} (1.0-3.0 cr)
· CLI 4496 {Inactive} (1.0-12.0 cr)
· CLI 4696 {Inactive} (1.0-12.0 cr)
· CLI 4896 {Inactive} (1.0-20.0 cr)
· CLI 4950 {Inactive} (1.0-3.0 cr)
· HP 4802 - Health Economics and Finance [DSJ] (3.0 cr)
· HP 4902 - Management and Leadership in Healthcare [GP] (2.0 cr)
· HIST 1435 - Comparative Global History [HIS, GP] (3.0 cr)
· PHIL 3437 - History and Philosophy of Science [HIS] (3.0 cr)
· PHIL 3441 - Ethics of Medicine and the Sciences [AH, CIV] (3.0 cr)
· ENGL 3471 - Gender and Sexuality Studies [DSJ] (3.0 cr)
· ENGL 3481 - Society, Science, and Science Fiction [TS] (3.0 cr)
· HUM 3721 - Special Topics in Humanities (3.0 cr)
· MATH 1171 - Calculus I [MATH] (4.0 cr)
· MATH 2161 - Biostatistics [MATH] (3.0 cr)
· MATH 2171 - Calculus II [MATH] (4.0 cr)
· MATH 3721 - Special Topics in the Mathematical Sciences (1.0-4.0 cr)
· PHYS 2251 - Physics II [PHYS] (4.0 cr)
· PHYS 3721 - Special Topics in the Physical Sciences (1.0-4.0 cr)
· PSY 1511 - Introduction to Psychology [SOCS] (3.0 cr)
· PSY 3510 - Human Development across the Lifespan (3.0 cr)
· PSY 3512 - Principles of Abnormal Psychology (3.0 cr)
· PUBH 3531 - Health Policy & Systems [GP, SOCS] (3.0 cr)
· PUBH 3561 - Environmental Health and Environmental Justice [ENV, SOCS] (3.0 cr)
· PUBH 4561 - Introduction to Epidemiology (3.0 cr)
· SOC 3531 {Inactive} [GP, SOCS] (3.0 cr)
· SOC 3571 - Drugs and Society [DSJ, SOCS] (3.0 cr)
· SOC 3581 - Medical Sociology and Technology [SOCS, TS] (3.0 cr)
· SOC 3721 - Special Topics in Sociology (1.0-4.0 cr)
· SPAN 1524 {Inactive} (1.0 cr)
· SPAN 2524 {Inactive} (3.0 cr)
· SPAN 3721 - Special Topics in Spanish (1.0-4.0 cr)
· WRIT 3721 - Special Topics in Writing (1.0-4.0 cr)
 
More program views..
View future requirement(s):
· Fall 2023
· Spring 2023
· Fall 2022
· Spring 2022
· Fall 2021
· Fall 2020
· Fall 2019
· Fall 2018
· Fall 2017

View sample plan(s):
· Health Sciences B.S. General Sample Plan
· Health Sciences B.S. Professional School Track Sample Plan
· Health Sciences B.S. Social Science Track

View checkpoint chart:
· Health Sciences B.S.
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BIOL 2311 - Integrative Biology (BIOL, TS)
Credits: 4.0 [max 4.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Spring
Introductory biology course with lab for health sciences majors. Emphasis on scientific literacy, mastery of core biological concepts, the relationship of biology to health sciences and other major disciplines, lifelong learning and citizenship. Taught utilizing student-centered, active learning, and writing-integrated approaches.
BIOL 2331 - Anatomy and Physiology I (BIOL)
Credits: 4.0 [max 4.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall
An introduction to the shape, structure, and function of the human body and its parts including basic anatomy, structure, and function of body systems and special senses. Specific attention is spent differentiating the anatomy and physiological workings of the integument, skeletal, muscular, nervous including the special senses, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive and urinary systems. Case studies and laboratory activities are used in within a reduced-lecture delivery method to provide a student-centered, active-learning environment. prereq: BIOL 2311
CLI 1712 - Personal Development and Career Exploration
Credits: 1.0 [max 1.0]
Grading Basis: S-N or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall & Spring
This course enables students to develop a deeper understanding and application of their strengths. Strengths and personal values are explored in the context of both personal development and career exploration. Discussion of a wide variety of health careers prepares students to continue their career development in CLI 2713.
CLI 3522 - Community Collaboratory
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F only
Typically offered: Every Fall & Spring
Extends the student learning experience into the local community. Confronts the challenges present in complex human systems and engages in community projects identified by local public, private, and nonprofit organizations. Builds sustainable and meaningful partnerships between the university and the surrounding community. Provides an opportunity for students to build relationships with people of different backgrounds and life experiences, broaden worldviews, critically and creatively examine community concerns, and discover their capacity to affect change in the world around them. prereq: junior status or above
CLI 2713 - Career Development and Career Skills in the Health Sciences
Credits: 1.0 [max 1.0]
Grading Basis: S-N or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall & Spring
Builds on foundation of personal development and career exploration. Engage in personal career development through the career decision making process. Utilize and develop career skills including; resume and cover letter writing, interviewing, professionalism, and networking. Reflect on, explore, and engage in meaningful experiences to develop professional competencies. prereq: 1712
CLI 3712 - Capstone Proposal Writing
Credits: 2.0 [max 1.0]
Grading Basis: S-N or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall & Spring
This course focuses on all aspects of writing and submitting the Capstone Proposal for the BSHS degree, culminating with a student-submitted proposal with a set of learning experiences connected to a holistic theme. Capstone Proposals are reviewed by the CLI Faculty and must be approved before Capstone experiences can begin.
ENGL 1433 - Introduction to Literature (LITR)
Credits: 3.0 [max 6.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall & Spring
Basic techniques for analyzing/understanding literature and developing critical thinking skills. Readings of novels, short stories, poems, plays.
MATH 1161 - Introduction to Statistics (MATH)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall & Spring
Exploration of statistical analysis in a health sciences context, using technology and active/peer learning. Build statistical inferences from scientific methods. Gather, sort, describe, arrange and construct visual representations of data sets and generate basic predictive models. Introduction to probability and data distributions, leading to inferential statistics. prereq: three years of high school math
PHYS 1251 - Physics I (PHYS)
Credits: 4.0 [max 4.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall & Spring
An activity-based introductory physics course focused on concepts of motion, force, energy, fluid dynamics, and oscillating systems. The course develops problem solving skills through a systematic decision-making framework and develops knowledge through a formal disciplinary integration and application to biomedical and other real world application. The laboratory component enhances knowledge and promotes good experimental design, techniques, and technical writing. prereq: C- or better in MATH 1121
PUBH 2561 - Introduction to Public Health (GP)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Spring
This course teaches an understanding of the academic discipline of public health, major public health problems, and public health systems. The course examines core principles of public health, and provides opportunities to apply new knowledge to address complex population health problems both domestically and globally. Course activities promote critical thinking and integration of public health problems and solutions providing the tools to address population health issues that face individuals, our communities, and the world.
SOC 1571 - Introduction to Sociology (SOCS, DSJ)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall & Spring
Introduction to foundational ideas and research techniques in sociology. Includes a critical engagement with core concepts, including the sociological imagination, socialization, culture, the interplay between individuals and institutions, and social stratification.
COMM 2511 - Communication Methods
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F only
Typically offered: Every Fall & Spring
Students learn the role of communication in the public's understanding of health. Students learn theories and practices of verbal, nonverbal, and visual communication and the impact of interpersonal, group, organizational, and scientific contexts on communication in order to analyze and create messages about health related topics. Students develop public speaking skills using presentation software.
CLI 4713 - Capstone Reflections
Credits: 1.0 [max 2.0]
Grading Basis: S-N only
Typically offered: Every Fall & Spring
Integrates student life, the curriculum, and career exploration to facilitate student growth and professional development. Course calls for students to participate in, observe, analyze, and interpret their capstone experiences. Requires students to record their observations and analysis throughout the semester and present their capstone portfolio in a public presentation. Typically taken in the final semester. prereq: 3712
PHIL 1441 - Introduction to Ethics (CIV, AH)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall & Spring
This course introduces students to basic ethical theories and examines several contemporary ethical problems. Some of the problems that may be examined include: income inequality, immigration, the right to die, the right to health care, civil disobedience, just war theory, paternalism, animal rights, and capital punishment. Course provides an understanding of the nature and historical origin of these problems and how to critically evaluate possible solutions to these problems.
SPAN 1521 - Spanish I
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall
A communicative approach for beginners to grammar and vocabulary within the context of daily life in both personal and professional interactions. Focus on listening, speaking, reading and writing skills in culturally and situationally appropriate ways. Includes an initial exploration of Spanish within the healthcare environment. Students should expect to build their knowledge bank with a large amount of vocabulary necessary to form meaningful conversations. Lecture is limited; class time is spent primarily in small group practice.Taught utilizing student-centered, active learning and writing-integrated approaches. Students who have previously studied Spanish are expected to take the placement exam before enrolling in a course.
SPAN 1522 - Spanish II
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Spring
A communicative approach to grammar and vocabulary within the context of daily life and the healthcare environment in both personal and professional interactions. Focus on listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills in culturally and situationally appropriate ways; building vocabulary knowledge; and deepening students' understanding of grammar structures. Lecture is limited; class time is spent primarily in small group practice. Taught utilizing student-centered, active learning and writing-integrated approaches. prereq: C- or better in 1521 or placement exam
MATH 1171 - Calculus I (MATH)
Credits: 4.0 [max 4.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall & Spring
The topics in this course are limits of functions and sequences, differential calculus including definition of the derivative via limits and rules of differentiation, applications of differential calculus such as related rates, optimization, and numerical approximation, basic integral calculus, and introductory differential equations. prereq: C- or better in 1121 or placement exam
MATH 2161 - Biostatistics (MATH)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Periodic Fall & Spring
Using real data, this course develops a conceptual understanding of statistical hypothesis testing and critical thinking about sampling techniques and experimental design. Focus on selecting appropriate hypothesis tests for research questions and correctly completing ANOVA tests, non-parametric tests, log/odds ratio tests, logistic regression, and survival analysis. Instruction in using Microsoft Excel and SAS to perform the computational parts of hypothesis testing and produce meaningful graphical representations. Emphasis on discussing statistics in groups, presenting findings, and communicating results. prereq: C- or better in 1161
MATH 2171 - Calculus II (MATH)
Credits: 4.0 [max 4.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Spring
The topics in this course are advanced integral calculus including the substitution rule and integration by parts, applications of integral calculus such as areas between curves, volumes, and average value of a function, convergence of sequences and series, introductory differential calculus of multivariable functions, and an introduction to vectors and matrices for the purposes of solving systems of differential equations. prereq: C- or better in 1171
BIOC 3321 - Biochemistry
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall
In this course, students gain an appreciation for the breadth and depth of current knowledge in biochemistry through an active learning, student-centered approach. Students examine the structure of macromolecules essential to life (including proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates). This analysis gives special consideration to the manner in which molecular structure dictates function. Additionally, students examine the enzymatic pathways responsible for synthesis and degradation of macromolecules, the regulation of enzymes that catalyze these reactions, and the energy expended or produced during these processes. Such pathways include carbohydrate metabolism (glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, citric acid cycle), lipid metabolism (beta-oxidation, lipid synthesis), and oxidative phosphorylation. Students apply these concepts to problem solving within the field, while also gaining confidence in his/her communication of biochemical principles through collaborative, team-based activities. prereq: C or better in [BIOL 2311, CHEM 2131, CHEM 2335, MATH 1120]
BIOL 3332 - Anatomy and Physiology II
Credits: 4.0 [max 4.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Spring
This course reviews and elaborates on the basic structure and function of body systems covered in BIOL 2331. Attention is given to understanding how those systems and concepts are related to higher order physiological phenomena such as: 1) Our ability to sense stimuli and respond (nervous system, endocrine system, lymphatic system, and immune response); 2) The complex mechanisms/requirements for homeostatic regulation (relationship between nutrition and metabolism and water and ion balance in the human body); 3) Reproduction and fertility?. Case studies and laboratory activities incorporate problem solving and applications to health sciences within a student-centered, active learning environment. Strong emphasis on experimental design and execution. Analysis of data using statistical methods. prereq: C- or better in 2331
BIOL 3311 - Genetics (BIOL, TS)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall
Advanced introduction to genetic information, including molecular aspects of inheritance and disease; gene expression and regulation in cells/organisms; population genetics; mutation and molecular evolution; genome organization; gene databases; and pedigree analysis. Incorporates ethical, social and legal perspectives relevant to advances in genetic technology and increasing availability of human genetic information. Taught utilizing student-centered, active learning and writing-integrated approaches. prereq: Biol 2311 and Chem 1333
BIOL 3344 - Microbiology (ENV)
Credits: 4.0 [max 4.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall & Spring
Microbiology examines the evolution, structure, physiology, metabolism, and genetics of microorganisms with an emphasis on bacteria and viruses, the dynamic impact of microbes on humans and the role of microbes in the environment. This course is taught using student-centered, active learning and writing integrated approaches, and fosters an understanding of problem solving within the field and gaining confidence in communication of microbiology through collaborative, team-based assignments. The accompanying laboratory provides exposure to a variety of current microbiology techniques. prereq: C- or better in 2311
BIOL 4312 - Advanced Topics in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics
Credits: 4.0 [max 4.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Periodic Fall
Study of the synthesis, function, and regulation of biological molecules (DNA, RNA, and proteins). Examination of the structure of chromosomes and genes and the processes of gene regulation involving DNA replication, transcription, translation, and epigenetic modification. Emphasis placed on the molecular basis of cell function including cellular communication, transport, secretion pathways, movement and more. The course is delivered through an active learning, student-centered and writing-intensive approach. Laboratory exercises maximize student exposure to an array of techniques dealing with DNA, RNA, and proteins while addressing a novel hypothesis. prereq: 3311
BIOL 4342 - Neuroscience
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall
Investigation into principles of brain function from neurons to behaviors within the context of current technological advances in studies of the brain and nervous system. prereq: 2331; [3332 or 3311 or BIOC 3321]
BIOL 4364 - Immunology
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Spring
Immunology explores the general properties of the human immune system including: the structure, function, and origin of participating tissues and cells, the general mechanism of the innate and adaptive immune systems, and the development and deployment of self vs non-self. A multidisciplinary lens is used to examine the social, ethical, and historical perspectives of the immune system through specific cases of disease relevant to the health sciences and prevention of disease through vaccination. prereq: 3332 or 3344 or BIOC 3321
CHEM 4331 - Chemical Biology
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Periodic Spring
In this course, synthetic organic molecules that mimic biological molecules are used to learn about biological systems. Topics explored include the evolution of unnatural DNA base-pairs, the use of polymerases to synthesize unnatural DNA and RNA, cell replication with the unnatural base pairs, and applications of CRISP-Cas. UV-Vis, fluorescence, NMR, melting temperatures and gel electrophoresis data will be analyzed and interpreted. prereq: C- or better in 2131
ENGL 3481 - Society, Science, and Science Fiction (TS)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F only
Typically offered: Every Fall
Historical/contemporary analysis of science and technology and their representation in literary, cinematic, and/or multimedia science fiction. Course will explore how science/technology figures creation of socio-cultural values and truth production, and may include, but is not limited to, the cultural, psychological, historical, and literary perspectives. Course is discussion-based and project-centered. prereq: 1433 or HIST 1435 or HUM 1437 or PHIL 1441
PHIL 3437 - History and Philosophy of Science (HIS)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Spring
Examination of several historical and contemporary philosophical problems that arise within the context of scientific practice. Problems may include: the nature of scientific explanation, the problem of induction, the problem of demarcation, the role of laws and models in scientific theorizing, the social responsibilities of scientists, and scientific realism. Students gain an understanding of the nature and historical origin of these problems and learn to critically evaluate possible solutions to these problems. prereq: sophomore status or above
PHIL 3441 - Ethics of Medicine and the Sciences (AH, CIV)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall
This course examines several contemporary ethical problems that arise within the context of medicine and scientific research. Some of the problems that may be examined include: the social responsibilities of pharmaceutical companies, the role of the family in medical-decision making, cognitive enhancement, the proper payment for research participation, direct-to-consumer advertising of pharmaceutical drugs, empathy and medical professionalism, and the permissibility of religious conscientious objection. Students will gain an understanding of the nature and historical origin of these problems and learn to critically evaluate possible solutions to these problems. prereq: 1441
PSY 3510 - Human Development across the Lifespan
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Spring
This course emphasizes the diverse cultural, social, socioeconomic, and historical contexts of human development throughout the lifespan and explores how these contexts directly influence biosocial, cognitive and psychosocial aspects human development. The course covers the basic principles of human development including: major paradigms, research methods, the sequences and processes of development, and the joint contributions of biological and environmental influences. prereq: 1511
PSY 3512 - Principles of Abnormal Psychology
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall
Abnormal psychology is the study of the classification, explanation and treatment of abnormal phenomena and mental disorder. This course focuses on the major concepts and controversies in the field. We consider how abnormality is defined and classified, and how the biological, psychological, and sociocultural paradigms contribute to understanding and treating individuals with mental disorders. The multicausality of mental disorder is understood using a diathesis-stress model. Common types of mental disorders are covered with an emphasis on the phenomenology of the disorder (i.e., what it is like to have the disorder), the biopsychosocial causes of the disorder, and the major treatment approaches. Attention is given to appreciating the impact of abnormal mental phenomena on the sufferer and their loved ones, and examining the values and ethics that apply to working with people with mental disorder. prereq: 1511
PUBH 3531 - Health Policy & Systems (GP, SOCS)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall
Students explore health policy as it shapes the lives and health of people and populations locally, nationally, and globally. Students use policy analysis frameworks and evidence-based resources to learn the many dimensions of public health and health policy. Attention is paid to policy at multiple levels, from local policies to national to global policies impacting health outcomes. Students examine the creation, implementation, and impact of health policy through a ?health in all policies? lens. Students address the challenge of meeting the needs of target populations with often different, and conflicting, viewpoints. prereq: 2561
PUBH 3561 - Environmental Health and Environmental Justice (ENV, SOCS)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall
This course examines environmental health issues and the complex challenges that occur within our communities that affect human health. Examination of environmental health at a micro level--investigating problems that occur within the Rochester community--to understand macro concepts. Includes community engagement with learning opportunities to assess current and past environmental conditions throughout the Rochester, MN area. Themes for this course include neighborhood-churning, food, water, air, and waste while investigating corresponding environmental justice issues that contribute to negative health outcomes. Incorporates a variety of hands-on engaged community learning in partnership with community stakeholders with in-class activities and field trip experiences. This ?hands-on? learning in our community encourages critical reflection for students to reconcile personal ideals with new knowledge and skills. prereq: 2561
PUBH 4561 - Introduction to Epidemiology
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Periodic Fall, Spring & Summer
This course examines epidemiologic concepts to introduce students to the systematic methods of disease discovery, control and prevention. Students looks at procedures of the distribution and determinants of health and diseases, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations. Application of epidemiologic methods investigate the control of conditions such as infectious and chronic diseases, mental disorders, community and environmental health hazards, and unintentional injuries. This course discusses the broader contexts of how epidemiological methods assist in identifying and solving public health issues. prereq: 2561, MATH 1161
SOC 3571 - Drugs and Society (DSJ, SOCS)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Spring Odd Year
This course investigates a variety of causal factors for drug use, including environmental and biological, and situate these within their social, historical, and cultural contexts. Topics include drug use across cultures; social responses to drug use; drug use and race/class conflict; drug policy, legislation, and enforcement; drug treatment; mass media images of drug use and related activities. prereq: sophomore status or above
SOC 3581 - Medical Sociology and Technology (SOCS, TS)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Spring Even Year
Exploration of the complicated interplay among health, illness, disease, health care systems, technology, biomedical science, and society. This course utilizes the sociological perspective to investigate the personal, social, cultural, and organizational, and technological issues that influence the health of people in the United States and globally. Topics include the role that society plays in the development of medical technologies, as well as the impact of those technological developments on population health, individual health, and the field of medicine. prereq: sophomore status or above
BIOC 3321 - Biochemistry
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall
In this course, students gain an appreciation for the breadth and depth of current knowledge in biochemistry through an active learning, student-centered approach. Students examine the structure of macromolecules essential to life (including proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates). This analysis gives special consideration to the manner in which molecular structure dictates function. Additionally, students examine the enzymatic pathways responsible for synthesis and degradation of macromolecules, the regulation of enzymes that catalyze these reactions, and the energy expended or produced during these processes. Such pathways include carbohydrate metabolism (glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, citric acid cycle), lipid metabolism (beta-oxidation, lipid synthesis), and oxidative phosphorylation. Students apply these concepts to problem solving within the field, while also gaining confidence in his/her communication of biochemical principles through collaborative, team-based activities. prereq: C or better in [BIOL 2311, CHEM 2131, CHEM 2335, MATH 1120]
BIOL 3332 - Anatomy and Physiology II
Credits: 4.0 [max 4.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Spring
This course reviews and elaborates on the basic structure and function of body systems covered in BIOL 2331. Attention is given to understanding how those systems and concepts are related to higher order physiological phenomena such as: 1) Our ability to sense stimuli and respond (nervous system, endocrine system, lymphatic system, and immune response); 2) The complex mechanisms/requirements for homeostatic regulation (relationship between nutrition and metabolism and water and ion balance in the human body); 3) Reproduction and fertility?. Case studies and laboratory activities incorporate problem solving and applications to health sciences within a student-centered, active learning environment. Strong emphasis on experimental design and execution. Analysis of data using statistical methods. prereq: C- or better in 2331
BIOL 3311 - Genetics (BIOL, TS)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall
Advanced introduction to genetic information, including molecular aspects of inheritance and disease; gene expression and regulation in cells/organisms; population genetics; mutation and molecular evolution; genome organization; gene databases; and pedigree analysis. Incorporates ethical, social and legal perspectives relevant to advances in genetic technology and increasing availability of human genetic information. Taught utilizing student-centered, active learning and writing-integrated approaches. prereq: Biol 2311 and Chem 1333
BIOL 3344 - Microbiology (ENV)
Credits: 4.0 [max 4.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall & Spring
Microbiology examines the evolution, structure, physiology, metabolism, and genetics of microorganisms with an emphasis on bacteria and viruses, the dynamic impact of microbes on humans and the role of microbes in the environment. This course is taught using student-centered, active learning and writing integrated approaches, and fosters an understanding of problem solving within the field and gaining confidence in communication of microbiology through collaborative, team-based assignments. The accompanying laboratory provides exposure to a variety of current microbiology techniques. prereq: C- or better in 2311
BIOL 4312 - Advanced Topics in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics
Credits: 4.0 [max 4.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Periodic Fall
Study of the synthesis, function, and regulation of biological molecules (DNA, RNA, and proteins). Examination of the structure of chromosomes and genes and the processes of gene regulation involving DNA replication, transcription, translation, and epigenetic modification. Emphasis placed on the molecular basis of cell function including cellular communication, transport, secretion pathways, movement and more. The course is delivered through an active learning, student-centered and writing-intensive approach. Laboratory exercises maximize student exposure to an array of techniques dealing with DNA, RNA, and proteins while addressing a novel hypothesis. prereq: 3311
BIOL 4342 - Neuroscience
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall
Investigation into principles of brain function from neurons to behaviors within the context of current technological advances in studies of the brain and nervous system. prereq: 2331; [3332 or 3311 or BIOC 3321]
BIOL 4364 - Immunology
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Spring
Immunology explores the general properties of the human immune system including: the structure, function, and origin of participating tissues and cells, the general mechanism of the innate and adaptive immune systems, and the development and deployment of self vs non-self. A multidisciplinary lens is used to examine the social, ethical, and historical perspectives of the immune system through specific cases of disease relevant to the health sciences and prevention of disease through vaccination. prereq: 3332 or 3344 or BIOC 3321
BIOL 3721 - Special Topics in the Life Sciences
Credits: 1.0 -4.0 [max 8.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Periodic Fall & Spring
In-depth study of special topics in the life sciences. prereq: instr consent; repeated enrollment allowed only if topics are different
CHEM 4331 - Chemical Biology
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Periodic Spring
In this course, synthetic organic molecules that mimic biological molecules are used to learn about biological systems. Topics explored include the evolution of unnatural DNA base-pairs, the use of polymerases to synthesize unnatural DNA and RNA, cell replication with the unnatural base pairs, and applications of CRISP-Cas. UV-Vis, fluorescence, NMR, melting temperatures and gel electrophoresis data will be analyzed and interpreted. prereq: C- or better in 2131
CHEM 3721 - Special Topics in Chemistry
Credits: 1.0 -4.0 [max 8.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Periodic Fall & Spring
In-depth study of special topics in chemistry. prereq: instr consent; repeated enrollment allowed only if topics are different
BIOL 1393 - Directed Study in Biology
Credits: 1.0 -3.0 [max 6.0]
Typically offered: Every Fall & Spring
Individual study on selected topics or problems. prereq: instr consent, dept consent
BIOC 3393 - Directed Study or Research in Biochemistry
Credits: 1.0 -6.0 [max 24.0]
Typically offered: Every Fall & Spring
Individual study or research on selected topics or problems. prereq: instr consent, dept consent
CLI 3496 - Internship: Professional Experience
Credits: 1.0 -6.0 [max 24.0]
Grading Basis: S-N only
Typically offered: Every Fall, Spring & Summer
Matches student's academic/career goals with opportunities in industry, nonprofit organizations, and government agencies. prereq: instr consent, dept consent, acceptance of internship proposal
HP 4802 - Health Economics and Finance (DSJ)
Credits: 3.0 [max 6.0]
Grading Basis: A-F only
Typically offered: Every Spring
Course covers micro- and macro-economic theory applied within the healthcare sector. A flow of funds approach explores finances in healthcare transactions and incentives. Historical development of third party reimbursement, healthcare financial structures and mechanisms, individual health, and public health factors affecting the delivery system, payment system, and supply/demand system is followed by a wider macroeconomic review to explore factors of change within the healthcare system. National health spending and the role of government and regulators in public and private health is explored by case study and contemporary readings. The health of individuals and the health of groups is studied in terms of cost, economic, ethical, and socioeconomic disparities, and in non-Western countries. The course aims to make the language of healthcare finance and economics understandable and relevant for students in healthcare professions. prereq: junior or senior standing, or PUBH 2561
HP 4902 - Management and Leadership in Healthcare (GP)
Credits: 2.0 [max 4.0]
Grading Basis: A-F only
Typically offered: Every Spring
Students acquire background and skills of business/administrative aspects of healthcare. Applications of business theory are applied to medical settings. Functions of management organization models, budget and other planning, information systems, human resource functions including staff scheduling, employee evaluation, productivity management, personal accountability, group leadership, external factors including accreditation and non-Western views will be explored. Alternative theories including Systems Thinking will be explored and contrasted with traditional management. prereq: junior or senior status
HIST 1435 - Comparative Global History (HIS, GP)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall & Spring
Examines the cause, course, and consequence of regional, national, and international crises in various parts of the modern world. Exposes students to historical concepts and methodology. Main themes range from genocide, epidemics, ethnic identity, cross-cultural conflict, racism, and humanitarianism.
PHIL 3437 - History and Philosophy of Science (HIS)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Spring
Examination of several historical and contemporary philosophical problems that arise within the context of scientific practice. Problems may include: the nature of scientific explanation, the problem of induction, the problem of demarcation, the role of laws and models in scientific theorizing, the social responsibilities of scientists, and scientific realism. Students gain an understanding of the nature and historical origin of these problems and learn to critically evaluate possible solutions to these problems. prereq: sophomore status or above
PHIL 3441 - Ethics of Medicine and the Sciences (AH, CIV)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall
This course examines several contemporary ethical problems that arise within the context of medicine and scientific research. Some of the problems that may be examined include: the social responsibilities of pharmaceutical companies, the role of the family in medical-decision making, cognitive enhancement, the proper payment for research participation, direct-to-consumer advertising of pharmaceutical drugs, empathy and medical professionalism, and the permissibility of religious conscientious objection. Students will gain an understanding of the nature and historical origin of these problems and learn to critically evaluate possible solutions to these problems. prereq: 1441
ENGL 3471 - Gender and Sexuality Studies (DSJ)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F only
Typically offered: Every Spring
This course explores a variety of theories of gender and sexuality; the literary and media representations of gender and sexuality (both contemporary and historical); and the embodiment, performance and construction of gender and sexual identities. The ethical, social, and political dimensions of gender- and heteronormativity and the role of power in theories and manifestations of gender and sexuality are considered. prereq: 1433 or HIST 1435 or HUM 1437 or PHIL 1441
ENGL 3481 - Society, Science, and Science Fiction (TS)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F only
Typically offered: Every Fall
Historical/contemporary analysis of science and technology and their representation in literary, cinematic, and/or multimedia science fiction. Course will explore how science/technology figures creation of socio-cultural values and truth production, and may include, but is not limited to, the cultural, psychological, historical, and literary perspectives. Course is discussion-based and project-centered. prereq: 1433 or HIST 1435 or HUM 1437 or PHIL 1441
HUM 3721 - Special Topics in Humanities
Credits: 3.0 [max 6.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Periodic Fall & Spring
In-depth study of special topics in the humanities. prereq: instr consent; repeated enrollment allowed only if topics are different
MATH 1171 - Calculus I (MATH)
Credits: 4.0 [max 4.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall & Spring
The topics in this course are limits of functions and sequences, differential calculus including definition of the derivative via limits and rules of differentiation, applications of differential calculus such as related rates, optimization, and numerical approximation, basic integral calculus, and introductory differential equations. prereq: C- or better in 1121 or placement exam
MATH 2161 - Biostatistics (MATH)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Periodic Fall & Spring
Using real data, this course develops a conceptual understanding of statistical hypothesis testing and critical thinking about sampling techniques and experimental design. Focus on selecting appropriate hypothesis tests for research questions and correctly completing ANOVA tests, non-parametric tests, log/odds ratio tests, logistic regression, and survival analysis. Instruction in using Microsoft Excel and SAS to perform the computational parts of hypothesis testing and produce meaningful graphical representations. Emphasis on discussing statistics in groups, presenting findings, and communicating results. prereq: C- or better in 1161
MATH 2171 - Calculus II (MATH)
Credits: 4.0 [max 4.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Spring
The topics in this course are advanced integral calculus including the substitution rule and integration by parts, applications of integral calculus such as areas between curves, volumes, and average value of a function, convergence of sequences and series, introductory differential calculus of multivariable functions, and an introduction to vectors and matrices for the purposes of solving systems of differential equations. prereq: C- or better in 1171
MATH 3721 - Special Topics in the Mathematical Sciences
Credits: 1.0 -4.0 [max 8.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Periodic Fall & Spring
In-depth study of special topics in the mathematical sciences. prereq: instr consent; repeated enrollment allowed only if topics are different
PHYS 2251 - Physics II (PHYS)
Credits: 4.0 [max 4.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall & Spring
A course covering more fundamental concepts building on concepts of motion, force and energy. The course uses an activity-based approach to cover topics including thermodynamics, electricity and magnetism, optics, and atomic and nuclear physics and integrates these concepts with modern medical applications and technology. The course advances problem solving by building on a core systematic decision-making framework. A laboratory component integrates real world applications. prereq: C- or better in [1251 and MATH 1171]
PHYS 3721 - Special Topics in the Physical Sciences
Credits: 1.0 -4.0 [max 8.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Periodic Fall & Spring
In-depth study of special topics in the physical sciences. prereq: instr consent; repeated enrollment allowed only if topics are different
PSY 1511 - Introduction to Psychology (SOCS)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall & Spring
Scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Analysis of historical and contemporary paradigms in psychology, research methods, sequence and processes of human development, and the joint contribution of biological and environmental influences on behavior..
PSY 3510 - Human Development across the Lifespan
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Spring
This course emphasizes the diverse cultural, social, socioeconomic, and historical contexts of human development throughout the lifespan and explores how these contexts directly influence biosocial, cognitive and psychosocial aspects human development. The course covers the basic principles of human development including: major paradigms, research methods, the sequences and processes of development, and the joint contributions of biological and environmental influences. prereq: 1511
PSY 3512 - Principles of Abnormal Psychology
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall
Abnormal psychology is the study of the classification, explanation and treatment of abnormal phenomena and mental disorder. This course focuses on the major concepts and controversies in the field. We consider how abnormality is defined and classified, and how the biological, psychological, and sociocultural paradigms contribute to understanding and treating individuals with mental disorders. The multicausality of mental disorder is understood using a diathesis-stress model. Common types of mental disorders are covered with an emphasis on the phenomenology of the disorder (i.e., what it is like to have the disorder), the biopsychosocial causes of the disorder, and the major treatment approaches. Attention is given to appreciating the impact of abnormal mental phenomena on the sufferer and their loved ones, and examining the values and ethics that apply to working with people with mental disorder. prereq: 1511
PUBH 3531 - Health Policy & Systems (GP, SOCS)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall
Students explore health policy as it shapes the lives and health of people and populations locally, nationally, and globally. Students use policy analysis frameworks and evidence-based resources to learn the many dimensions of public health and health policy. Attention is paid to policy at multiple levels, from local policies to national to global policies impacting health outcomes. Students examine the creation, implementation, and impact of health policy through a ?health in all policies? lens. Students address the challenge of meeting the needs of target populations with often different, and conflicting, viewpoints. prereq: 2561
PUBH 3561 - Environmental Health and Environmental Justice (ENV, SOCS)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Every Fall
This course examines environmental health issues and the complex challenges that occur within our communities that affect human health. Examination of environmental health at a micro level--investigating problems that occur within the Rochester community--to understand macro concepts. Includes community engagement with learning opportunities to assess current and past environmental conditions throughout the Rochester, MN area. Themes for this course include neighborhood-churning, food, water, air, and waste while investigating corresponding environmental justice issues that contribute to negative health outcomes. Incorporates a variety of hands-on engaged community learning in partnership with community stakeholders with in-class activities and field trip experiences. This ?hands-on? learning in our community encourages critical reflection for students to reconcile personal ideals with new knowledge and skills. prereq: 2561
PUBH 4561 - Introduction to Epidemiology
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Periodic Fall, Spring & Summer
This course examines epidemiologic concepts to introduce students to the systematic methods of disease discovery, control and prevention. Students looks at procedures of the distribution and determinants of health and diseases, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations. Application of epidemiologic methods investigate the control of conditions such as infectious and chronic diseases, mental disorders, community and environmental health hazards, and unintentional injuries. This course discusses the broader contexts of how epidemiological methods assist in identifying and solving public health issues. prereq: 2561, MATH 1161
SOC 3571 - Drugs and Society (DSJ, SOCS)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Spring Odd Year
This course investigates a variety of causal factors for drug use, including environmental and biological, and situate these within their social, historical, and cultural contexts. Topics include drug use across cultures; social responses to drug use; drug use and race/class conflict; drug policy, legislation, and enforcement; drug treatment; mass media images of drug use and related activities. prereq: sophomore status or above
SOC 3581 - Medical Sociology and Technology (SOCS, TS)
Credits: 3.0 [max 3.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Spring Even Year
Exploration of the complicated interplay among health, illness, disease, health care systems, technology, biomedical science, and society. This course utilizes the sociological perspective to investigate the personal, social, cultural, and organizational, and technological issues that influence the health of people in the United States and globally. Topics include the role that society plays in the development of medical technologies, as well as the impact of those technological developments on population health, individual health, and the field of medicine. prereq: sophomore status or above
SOC 3721 - Special Topics in Sociology
Credits: 1.0 -4.0 [max 8.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Periodic Fall & Spring
In-depth study of special topics in sociology. prereq: instr consent; repeated enrollment allowed only if topics are different
SPAN 3721 - Special Topics in Spanish
Credits: 1.0 -4.0 [max 8.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Periodic Fall & Spring
In-depth study of special topics in Spanish. prereq: instr consent; repeated enrollment allowed only if topics are different
WRIT 3721 - Special Topics in Writing
Credits: 1.0 -4.0 [max 6.0]
Grading Basis: A-F or Aud
Typically offered: Periodic Fall & Spring
In-depth study of special topics in writing. prereq: instr consent; repeated enrollment allowed only if topics are different